文章的最后,我要跟大家分享一下Bernie Krause在世界各地记录的自然之声。值得一提的是他把这些音频同google Earth结合了起来,标注了这些声音录制的地点。通过听这些声音,我跟随者Bernie Krause神游了那些野外之地,跟随着他 in to the wild。这些声音,并都是轻柔恬静的,可是它们却带我走进了内心的宁静。 收听地址:http://earth.wildsanctuary.com/
P.S. 《in to the wild》是一本相当好的书,曾被拍成电影。我把此书和此电影列入了我本月的阅读观影计划。
Inthe last ten years the neuroscience of language has matured as a field.Ten years ago, neuroimaging was just being explored for neurolinguisticquestions, whereas today it constitutes a routine component. At thesame time there have been significant developments in linguistic andpsychological theory that speak to the neuroscience of language. This book consolidates those advances into a single reference. The Handbook of the Neuroscience of Languageprovides a comprehensive overview of this field. Divided into fivesections, section one discusses methods and techniques includingclinical assessment approaches, methods of mapping the human brain, anda theoretical framework for interpreting the multiple levels of neuralorganization that contribute to language comprehension. Section twodiscusses the impact imaging techniques (PET, fMRI, ERPs, electricalstimulation of language cortex, TMS) have made to language research.Section three discusses experimental approaches to the field, includingdisorders at different language levels in reading as well as writingand number processing. Additionally, chapters here presentcomputational models, discuss the role of mirror seytems for language, and cover brain lateralization with respect to language.Part four focuses on language in special populations, in variousdisease processes, and in developmental disorders. The book with a listing of resources in the neuroscience of language and aglossary of items and concepts to help the novice become acquaintedwith the field. Editors Stemmer & Whitaker prepared this book to reflect recent developments in neurolinguistics, moving thebook squarely into the cognitive neuroscience of language and capturingthe developments in the field over the past 7 years. * History section focuses on topics that play a current role in neurolinguistics research, aphasia syndromes, and esion analysis * Includes section on neuroimaging to reflect the dramatic changes in methodology over the past decade * Experimental and clinical section reflects recent developments in the field Audience Researchers and clinicians in neuropsychology, neuro- and psycholinguistics. Libraries and hospitals.
目录:
PART I – Methods and Techniques 1. Classical and Contemporary Assessment of Aphasia and Acquired Disorders of Language 2. The Hypothesis Testing Approach to the Assessment of Language 3. The Intracarotid Amobarbital Test (Wada Test) and Complementary Procedures to Evaluate Language Before Epilepsy Surgery 4. Architectonic Language Research 5. Microgenesis of Language: Vertical Integration of Linguistic Mechanisms Across the Neuroaxis 6. A Brief Introduction to Common Neuroimaging Techniques PART II – Neuroimaging of Language 7. PET Research of Language 8. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Research of Language 9. Event-Related Potentials in the Study of Language 10. Direct Electrical Stimulation of Language Cortex 11. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) as a Tool for Studying Language PART III – Experimental Neuroscience of Language and Communication 12. Disorders of Phonetics and Phonology 13. Impaired Morphological Processing 14. Disorders of Lexis 15. Disorders of Syntax 16. The Neural Bases of Text and Discourse Processing 17. Neuropragmatics: Disorders and Neural Systems 18. The Role of Memory Systems in Disorders of Language 19. The Relation of Human Language to Human Emotion 20. Acquired Reading and Writing Disorders 21. Number Processing 22. Neurolinguistic Computational Models 23. Mirror Neurons and Language 24. Lateralization of Language Across the Life Span 25. Interhemispheric Interaction in the Lateralized Brain PART IV – Clinical Neuroscience of Language A. Language in Special Populations and in Various Disease Processes 26. Acute Aphasias 27. Language in Dementia 28. Frontal Lobes and Language 29. The Torque Defines the Four Quadrants of the Human Language Circuit and the Nuclear Symptoms of Schizophrenia Identify Their Component Functions 30. Stuttering and Dysfluency 31. Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Model for Understanding the Relationship Between Language and Memory 32. Subcortical Language Mechanisms 33. Language and Communication Disorders in Multilinguals 34. Language and Communication in Aging B. Language and Communication in Developmental Disorders 35. Acquired Epileptiform Aphasia or Landau-Kleffner Syndrome: Clinical and Linguistic Aspects 36. Language and Communication in Williams Syndrome 37. Language and Communication Disorders in Autism and Asperger Syndrome C. Recovery from, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Language and Communication Disorders 38. Spontaneous Recovery of Aphasia 39. Therapeutic Approaches in Aphasia Rehabilitation 40. The Pharmacological Treatment of Aphasia 41. Recovery and Treatment of Acquired Reading and Spelling Disorders 42. The Role of Electronic Devices in the Rehabilitation of Language Disorders PART V – Resources 43. Resources in the Neuroscience of Language: A Listing
作者简介 · · · · · ·
Brigitte Stemmer, Canada Research Chair in Neuroscience and Neuropragmatics, Université de Montréal, Canada; Harry A. Whitaker, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, USA
Jan de Munck EEG/ERP(脑电图/事件相关电位)和fMRI是脑成像研究中经常用到的研究方法,前者在被试的头皮记录大脑的电活动,后者则多记录大脑中的血液动力学信号。两者相比较而言各有优劣:EEG记录的电活动发生的相当迅速,记录的时间精度可达到1毫秒(千分之一秒),这种精度可以说是对大脑的实时记录了。而fMRI记录的信号-通常是血氧水平相关(blood-oxygen-level-dependent,BOLD)信号-则反应较慢,需要几秒至几十秒的时间才能达到峰值,而且由于fMRI的硬件的限制,对整个大脑的扫描成像通常需要1秒到3秒的时间。 而从定位的角度来讲,EEG就比不过fMRI了。目前我做听说过的最先进的EEG记录系统有512个记录电极,它最多能同时在头皮的512个点上记录数据。而且由于大脑电活动在传导到头皮之前是可能改变方向的,因此很难直接从EEG数据中得到这些活动发生的准确地点。另外,由于电信号会衰减,EEG也就很难拾取到大脑内部深层结构的活动,只能记录大脑皮层的电信号。这就造成EEG/ERP研究的定位不是十分可靠——当然科学家们正在想法设法运用各种数学模型和算法来提高EEG/ERP的定位精度。与EEG/ERP相比,fMRI则有着无可比拟的定位精度——精确到毫米。这意味着,一旦我们发现与实验任务相关的信号,我们可以精确的判断出来这个信号来自何处。 简单总结一下,EEG有着很高的时间精度,我们却很难从中得知信号来自何方。我们知道大脑在执行某任务时的变化却不知道此那个脑区对这些变化负责。而fMRI可以告诉我们当我们执行某任务时那一部分大脑最为活跃,可是却又不能知道它干了些啥。很痛苦,哈。 说道这里,我猜你有话要说了吧我的读者?为什么不把两者结合起来呢?用EEG告诉我们大脑在干什么,用fMRI告诉我们究竟是那一部分大脑在做这件事,从而在时间和空间结合的角度上来研究我们的大脑功能。嘿,科学家们也这么想,不过真正这样做的却不多。这里面的原因是多样的。首先,EEG和BOLD信号在性质上不同,我们必须想办法找到把它们关联起来的方法。这就要做很多的工作,包括去除两种信号中的种种噪音和环境的影响,包括数学模型的建立,还要找到能用这两种方法都可以有效进行研究的实验任务,等等等等.... .... 我一直有兴趣能将不同的脑成像方法结合起来进行做通道的研究,现在机会来了。我们实验室最近决定向这个方向发展一下,起因在于一个在我们实验室工作的本科生Will对这个感兴趣,想往这个方向发展。我们实验室同时拥有EEG,MEG(脑磁图)记录仪和MRI扫描仪,而且这些仪器都在一处,这样的实验室配置放眼全世界也屈指可数。这样方便的条件使得这个想法能得以轻松的实现。我的导师制定我来帮助Will共同进行这个方向的研究,大概是看定我既有EEG/ERP研究经验,又有fMRI研究经验吧。虽然我研究生时完成过几个ERP实验,又学习了一年多的fMRI,但是对这两个领域自认只知皮毛。不过我想这个新的项目可能让我能学到更多,获得更多的研究经验。虽然难度小不了,但是我还是小小的兴奋起来。 今天在查资料的时候发现了videolectures.net这个网站上有几个讲座视频是探讨这个问题,觉得很有启发,把它们放到这里,同心理学爱好者们共享,希望不久的将来,我也能跟大家分享我的心得。